Legal status under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971
Cannabis is a controlled drug in the UK. It is classified as a Class B drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. Possession, production, and supply are criminal offences unless specifically authorised (for example, a lawful medical prescription).
- Possession: up to 5 years in prison, an unlimited fine, or both.
- Supply and production: up to 14 years in prison, an unlimited fine, or both.
- Penalties depend on the circumstances; police may also issue warnings or on-the-spot fines for small amounts in some cases.
For the current official position, see the Government guidance on drug penalties.
Medical cannabis since 2018
Since 1 November 2018, specialist doctors on the General Medical Council’s Specialist Register have been able to legally prescribe cannabis-based products for medicinal use in specific circumstances. This is not the same as cannabis being legal generally.
- Prescriptions are considered only when other licensed treatments have not helped, for a small number of conditions (for example, certain rare, severe forms of epilepsy, nausea from chemotherapy, and muscle stiffness in multiple sclerosis).
- NHS prescriptions are uncommon; some patients access treatment through private prescriptions.
- A prescription can only be issued by a specialist, not by a GP alone.
Read the NHS overview of medical cannabis (and cannabis oil).
CBD products and the law
Cannabidiol (CBD) on its own is not a controlled substance, and CBD products are sold legally in the UK when they meet certain conditions. Key points:
- Products must contain only trace levels of controlled cannabinoids such as THC, within legal limits.
- CBD sold as food (e.g. oils and supplements) is regulated as a novel food and must be authorised by the Food Standards Agency (FSA).
- CBD products cannot be sold with medical claims unless licensed as a medicine.
See the FSA guidance on CBD.
Health effects and risks
Cannabis can affect people differently. Possible short-term effects include relaxation but also anxiety, paranoia, impaired concentration, and slower reaction times. Longer-term or heavy use is associated with:
- Dependence and difficulty stopping.
- Increased risk of mental-health problems, particularly for those with a family history of psychosis.
- Respiratory harm when smoked, often mixed with tobacco.
- Effects on memory, motivation, and learning, especially with regular use from a young age.
Driving while impaired by cannabis is illegal and dangerous. More detail is available from Talk to FRANK.
Getting help and advice
If you or someone you know is worried about cannabis use, confidential support is available:
- FRANK — honest information about drugs: talktofrank.com, helpline 0300 123 6600.
- NHS — find local drug treatment services: nhs.uk drug addiction help.
- Your GP or pharmacist can offer advice and referrals.
- In an emergency, always call 999.